PHYSICAL AND WATER INDICATORS AND LAND USE IN FRUTALE

Abstract

The mechanical resistance that a soil opposes and the effects of different uses on physical properties related to soil compaction and moisture, causes a dense packing of the particles, which increases the apparent density to the detriment of porosity, especially macro porosity preventing the entry of humidity, where agricultural inputs, the disturbance of the soil profile by the use of agricultural tools, the routine transit of personnel and animals, allow that resistance to be increased and that in turn reduce the assimilation of fertilizers, the effectiveness of the active ingredient of chemicals and the microbiological activity of the soil; limiting the growth of the root of the plant, which in some cases, the losses of the crop can reach 30% due to compaction. An important variable to describe the physical condition of the soil is the mechanical resistance and the physical quality of the soil, it can be evaluated through the resistance and resilience of the soil pores, which corresponds to the capacity of a soil to maintain its functions without significant variations after being exposed to stress, this problem can be mitigated by measuring the variables of apparent density and soil aggregates, specifying the porosity of a soil, measuring the humidity before planting (Seybold, C .; et, al 1999 Excessive distribution of soil moisture, an inadequate drainage system and compaction are causes of waterlogging that can reduce plant growth, changes in plant metabolism, less absorption of water and nutrients, low production and death of the plant. Waterlogging in plants will be determined by the time of exposure to this stress and their tolerance, being one reason why plants can present defensive modifications such as alternate respiratory pathways, greater production of antioxidants and ethylene, induction of epinasty and the closure of stomata, as well as the formation of new structures such as the aerenchyma, hypertrophied lenticels and adventitious roots. However, a lack of oxygen can lead to plants dying.